Graphene
1 Graphene Concerns
Despite potential biomedical applications, "The lack of acceptable classification standards of graphene derivatives based on chemical and physical properties has hindered the biological application of graphene derivatives."
Source: Biomedical applications of graphene and graphene oxide, October 2013
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23480658/
GO inhibits sperm production: "our studies collectively indicated that GO accumulation in reproductive organs, suppression of spermatogenesis"
Source: Graphene oxide nano-bio interaction induces inhibition of spermatogenesis and disturbance of fatty acid metabolism in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, December 2018
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30218681/
GO causes cellular toxicity: "This detailed mechanistic approach showed that graphene oxide exposure elicits significant decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis, as well as in DNA damage and caspase 3 activity. Furthermore, our RNA-Seq analysis revealed that HEK293 cells exposed to graphene oxide significantly altered the expression of genes involved in multiple apoptosis-related biological pathways. Moreover, graphene oxide exposure perturbed the expression of key transcription factors, promoting these apoptosis-related pathways by regulating their downstream genes. Our analysis provides mechanistic insights into how exposure to graphene oxide induces changes in cellular responses and massive cell death in HEK293 cells."
Source: Evaluation of Graphene Oxide Induced Cellular Toxicity and Transcriptome Analysis in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells, July 2019
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31269699/
2 Graphene in COVID Vaccines
Ricardo Delgado of La Quinta Columna sent a vial of Pfizer's European solution to Prof. Dr. Pablo Campra Madrid of Universidad de Almería, Spain, for analysis. The findings showed that the detectable RNA is 6ng/ul and graphene oxide is 747 ng/ul. That makes the graphene oxide 99.2% and the RNA to be 0.8% of the vaccine by weight.
"Definitive identification of graphene, oxidized graphene (GO), or reduced oxidized graphene (rGO) in the sample RD1 shows precise structural characterization through the analysis of spectral patterns specific comparable to those published in the literature and those obtained from of sample pattern"
Original Study: https://www.docdroid.net/rNgtxyh/microscopia-de-vial-corminaty-dr-campra-firma-e-1-fusionado-pdf#page=23
Translation and Explanation: https://drjessesantiano.com/the-whole-english-translation-of-the-spanish-study-showing-99-graphene-oxide-in-the-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine/
Alternate translation: https://www.orwell.city/2021/06/graphene-oxide-in-vaccination-vials.html
Dr. Andreas Noack, leading expert on activated carbon engineering, responded to vaccine research performed by Dr. Pablo Campra of the University of Almeria, wherein Dr. Pablo concluded the presence of graphene oxide in the vaccine. Dr. Noack remarked that two of the frequency bands detected by Dr. Campra were actually of graphene hydroxide.
"I can say as a chemist that we are absolutely certain that the Graphene Hydroxide is in there."
"These nanoscale structures can best be described as razor blades. These razor blades are injected into the body.
"Even if people don’t drop dead immediately, it cuts up the blood vessels little by little."
"As a chemist, if you inject this into the blood, you know you are a murderer.
"This is a very intelligent poison."
Source: Dr. Andreas Noack
https://www.bitchute.com/video/1p4ZBssBUXqp/
Former Pfizer employee and current pharmaceutical analyst, Karen Kingston, says GO isn't listed in the patent because it's a trade secret. The patent lists a couple of polyethylene glycols (ALC-0315 and ALC-0159). She says these are developed by SINOPEG, a Chinese company which also creates graphene functionalized PEGs.
SINOPEG's graphene functionalized PEG: https://www.sinopeg.com/core-shell-structured-polyethylene-glycol-functionalized-graphene-for-energy-storage-polymer-dielectrics-combined-mechanical-and-dielectric-performances_n28
SINOPEG ALC-0315: https://www.sinopeg.com/4-hydroxybutyl-azanediyl-bis-hexane-6-1-diyl-bis-2-hexyldecanoate-alc-0315-cas-2036272-55-4_p476.html
SINOPEG ALC-0159: https://www.sinopeg.com/4-hydroxybutyl-azanediyl-bis-hexane-6-1-diyl-bis-2-hexyldecanoate-alc-0315-cas-2036272-55-4_p476.html
3 Graphene Use in Vaccines
"a SARS-CoV-2 spike-pseudotyped lentivirus neutralization assay revealed neutralizing antibodies in all mice after a single hydrogel vaccine administration comprising clinically-approved adjuvants"
Source: Hydrogel-based slow release of a receptor-binding domain subunit vaccine elicits neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2, April 2021
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437792v1
"Graphene and graphene-related materials (GRMs) exhibit extraordinary physicochemical, electrical, optical, antiviral, antimicrobial, and other fascinating properties that warrant them as potential candidates for designing and development of high-performance components and devices required for COVID-19 pandemic and other futuristic calamities."
Source: Potential of graphene-based materials to combat COVID-19: properties, perspectives, and prospects, December 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577689/
"In this study, we carefully engineered graphene oxide (GO) as a vaccine adjuvant for immunotherapy . . . Our work not only presents a novel, highly effective GO-based vaccine nano-adjuvant, but also highlights the critical roles of surface chemistry for the rational design of nano-adjuvants."
Source: Functionalized graphene oxide serves as a novel vaccine nano-adjuvant for robust stimulation of cellular immunity, February 2016
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26814441/
Shanghai Nanotech filed a patent for use of GO in vaccine excipients in October 2020
Source: Nano coronavirus recombinant vaccine taking graphene oxide as carrier
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN112220919A/en
"The researchers developed a polymer-nanoparticle hydrogel that could be mixed with vaccine components. When injected under the skin of mice, the material formed a localized area of inflammation that attracted certain types of immune cells, while slowly releasing the antigen and adjuvant over a period of several days."
Source: More Effective Vaccines With Injectable Hydrogel
https://scitechdaily.com/more-effective-vaccines-with-injectable-hydrogel/
"This update review discusses the possible benefits of using hydrogel polymer-based nanoparticles and hydrogel nanocomposites for drug/vaccine delivery through the intranasal administration."
Source: Hydrogel nanoparticles and nanocomposites for nasal drug/vaccine delivery, June 2016
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27352214/
"this work introduces a simple and effective vaccine delivery platform that increases the potency and durability of subunit vaccines."
Source: Injectable Hydrogels for Sustained Codelivery of Subunit Vaccines Enhance Humoral Immunity, October 2020
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33145416/
"Injectable hydrogel could someday lead to more effective vaccines"
https://phys.org/news/2020-09-hydrogel-effective-vaccines.html
4 Research on Graphene's Biomedical Applications
"In this mini-review, we highlight the recent progress in GO-incorporated hydrogels for biomedical applications while focusing on their specific uses as mechanically strong materials, electrically conductive scaffolds/electrodes, and high-performance drug delivery vehicles."
Source: Graphene oxide-incorporated hydrogels for biomedical applications, May 2020
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-020-0350-9
"A novel gene delivery system based on graphene oxide chemically-functionalized with branched polyethylenimine (PEI-GO) is reported."
Source: Polyethylenimine-functionalized graphene oxide as an efficient gene delivery vector, May 2020
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/jm/c1jm10341e#!
Moderna has been studying using GO in gene therapy for oncological purposes.
Source: Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanocomposite Enhances Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Potential of Salinomycin in Human Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells (OvCSCs): A Novel Approach for Cancer Therapy, March 2018
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494563/
"integrating therapeutic nanoparticles with hydrogel technologies creates a unique and robust hybrid biomaterial system that enables effective localized drug delivery."
Source: Nanoparticle-Hydrogel: A Hybrid Biomaterial System for Localized Drug Delivery, March 2016
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880511/
"Graphene oxide (GO), widely employed for the delivery of biomolecules, excels in loading and delivering antigen and shows the potentiality of activating the immune system. However, GO aggregates in biological liquid and induces cell death, and it also exhibits poor biosolubility and biocompatibility."
Source: Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant, August 2020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1742706120303305?via%3Dihub
5 Miscellaneous Graphene Studies
Graphene can conduct electricity: "The graphene also enhanced the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the embryoid bodies"
Source: Graphene induces spontaneous cardiac differentiation in embryoid bodies, 2016
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/NR/C5NR07059G
"using dispersible G-biointerfaces in vivo, we perform optical modulation of the heart activity in zebrafish embryos"
Source: Graphene biointerfaces for optical stimulation of cells, May 2018
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aat0351
"Researchers at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine and their collaborators generated heart cells from donated skin cells via an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). They grew these iPSC-derived heart cells on a graphene surface."
Source: Graphene Biointerface Optically Controls Heart Cells, August 2018
https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Graphene_Biointerface_Optically_Controls_Heart/a63489
"Tiny flakes of graphene oxide (GO) affect the response of synapses in the brain"
Source: Graphene oxide on the brain, March 2021
https://www.materialstoday.com/carbon/news/graphene-oxide-on-the-brain/
"graphene flakes could help to alleviate psychological disorders"
Source: Audrey Franceschi Biagioni uses graphene to alleviate mental health disorders
"In conclusion, this study shows that GONs without functionalization are toxic. The future study is a comparison of the functionalized with non-functionalized GONs."
Source: In vivo toxicological evaluation of graphene oxide nanoplatelets for clinical application, August 2018
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